U.s. Environmental Protection Agency - 911 Words

1. Like many of us the letters EPA spark interest and a sense of security. For those of us who do not know what or who it stands for it is the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. This agency continues to clear up what is fact or fallacies. For example, most Americans believe Bottled water to be pure and safe. There are some chemicals in the battled water as well as tap water. According to Cynthia Dougherty the director of EPA, â€Å"The EPA is stating that the United States has one of the safest water supplies in the world and that we have a very, very high assurance of safe, high-quality drinking water (Lunsford 717). It’s with her statement about how safe regular tap water is due to the use of similar-chemicals found in bottled water. However, we find within her comments regarding tap water, not all being 100% safe in some cases such as on Indian Reservations or in a few cities were the EPA regulations may not be in compliance. 2. The use of graphs and charts reflect, bottled water consumption on the rise where every other type of liquid consumption is declining or holding steady. Where the use of charts and graphs usually makes for better understanding I have found myself confused by the content of the article. Yet this graph supports the author’s claim that Americans are consuming more bottled water than tap. Soft Drinks which one showed on the rise now show a marked decline even showing a drop from its previous high rate of consumption. Coffee started at a high rate andShow MoreRelatedAppointment Strategies And Hiring Freezes Influenced The U.s. Environmental Protection Agency Essay1881 Words   |  8 Pagesencourage loyalty to an incoming administration, however actions that exemplify loyalty can come at the expenses of organizational effectiveness and efficient. O Leary showed how appointment strategies and hiring freezes influenced the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Donald Trump and his new appointee â€Å"Betsy DeVos† who most politician agree that she has consistently demonstrate that she was against access to public education. Her beliefs and goals seem to be completely different from departmentRead MoreLocal Drinking Water Case Study995 Words   |  4 Pagessubstances, one can look at EPAs standard for drinking water and learn if the water that people are consuming in the surrounding area is healthy or not. The Environmental Protection Agency does water quality testing in most regions of the United States and come up with rules and regulations that they update every few years. The agency looks at different containments such as iron and copper and rates how significant it is to watch the contaminant and deduce whether or not they need to step inRead MoreEPA Protecting the Planet Essay697 Words   |  3 PagesThe Environmental Protection Agency takes on this ever so important mission of protecting them both. 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The situation raises environmental issues that relate directly to the CleanRead MoreEssay on Wetland Restoration1200 Words   |  5 PagesWetland Restoration Most people think they know a wetland when they see one, but the delineation of wetlands for the purpose of granting permits has proven enormously controversial. According to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), an area is defined as a wetland when a combination of three technical criteria are met: Wetland hydrology (land that is saturated within 18 inches of the surface for more than seven days per year), Hydrophytic vegetation (a list of plants that will thrive in wetRead MoreThe Clean Air Act ( Caa )1640 Words   |  7 Pages(CAA) is a law that regulates air emissions from mobile and stationary sources. 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Technology and Organization Structure Free Essays

Technology has invaded every aspect of our lives. In the past new technologies were meet with resistance that has since subsided and in many ways have become a part of standard operating procedure in our daily lives. The business world has not escaped the advancements of technology; in fact many companies have embraced the innovations and use them to their benefit. We will write a custom essay sample on Technology and Organization Structure or any similar topic only for you Order Now Employees in one office can communicate with their counterparts, clients and others almost effortlessly and in real time in other offices, states, and on other continents.Olsen Pedersen (2009) postulate that modern technology is enveloping, multifaceted and rapidly changing as is evident in every area of our lives. As a result leaders have used technology in a variety of ways ranging from conducting long distance meetings to making informed decisions about the organization, and allow employees to work in teams irrespective of their locations. Organizations in many industries are face with the decision of how best to incorporate technology into their organization’s structure.While technology is available to an organization, it is most effective when the technology enhances the organization’s strategy, structure, communication, employee relationships and the company’s overall performance. Technology today has moved from what Henderson Venkatraman (1993) refers to as a â€Å"back office† position to a more focal and significant role that has brought about change and has the potential to bring about greater transformation. Technological advancements could possibly bring about new strategies for some organizations and change the way they conduct business.In some instances companies are started because of the specific technologies. One example of this is a small business in near my office that creates, hosts, and maintains websites. If it were not for technology there would be not websites therefor e it would be reasonable to assume that there would most likely no need for such a business. Organizational structures My organization is based on a centralized management structure. The leaders of SWRC have a vision for our organization and they do not stray from this vision or what is referred to as â€Å"their tried and proven strategy†.As a leader it is my responsibility to carry out the vision of the leaders, positively influence and empower employees, help the organization move forward, and elevate my leadership skills. My input is welcomed and sometimes implemented once it does not stray from the organization’s core beliefs, mission, and strategy. Hence leaders below the CEO had limited decision making powers. AM on the other hand operates under more of a decentralized company structure. According to a leader (Mr. Phillips) in that company the decision making process is more shared; this approach has played a major role in AM’s success. Mr. Phillips expressed that empowering leaders has brought out the best in the leaders within his company. Additionally, these leaders have in turn empowered employees creating a sense of ownership in the company, which translates to greater commitment to the company and increased employee self worth. Mr. Phillips’ sentiment on leadership and the empowerment are shared by Lashley (1995) who asserts that employees who are empowered tend to be more committed to success.Literature Review In the 1970s Mohr (1971) expressed that the relationship between technology and organizational structure was not clearly established. Technology forth years ago was limited in scope especially in comparison to what is available today and what is on the horizon. It is almost impossible to imagine what technology will encompass forty years from now in general or within organizations. Mohr (1971) postulated that both organizational structure and technology are not simple concepts to address, and this is certainly evident even today as the definition of technology varies.Despite the varying views on the technology’s extent, it is evident that technology exists and plays a role in our private lives, the business world, science, education, philosophy, politics, ethics, and will continue to become more expansive in the future (Olsen, Pedersen Hendricks, 2009). One major aspect of the relationship between technology and organization structure is efficiency. There is growing consensus that their needs to be a strategic alignment between technology and organizations.Henderson and Venkatraman (1993) suggests that the ir needs to be a connection between promising technology and strategic management and â€Å"continuous adaption and change† (p. 4). This idea is valid because with the rapid changes in technology, the changing needs of organizations, and the constant demands from the public both the organization and their technology should be cohesive and equipped to change. McCullough’s (2004) compiled data from 110 companies in two emerging markets to determine whether or not there is a relationship between organizational effectiveness and technology.The study found that among the firms examined information technology positively influenced the organizations’ effectiveness. Comparisons of technological interactions between organizations The first of the two organizations is an international multifaceted non-profit that provides a wide array of services to disadvantaged individuals and families across the world. For privacy purposes this organization will be referred to as SWRC. Contrary to popular belief and many other non-profits, my organization pays close attention to the many advancements in technology. As a leader within my organization (SWRC) I am a part of a forward thinking group of individuals who while conservative, they embrace advancement and remains relevant. The second company which I will refer to as AM is much less conservative in their operation and leadership and is also a forward thinking for- profit organization. AM is a multinational consulting firm specializing in Turnaround and Restructing, Performance Improvement, Dispute Analysis and Forensics, Transaction Advisory and Tax Advisory.According to the company’s website the firm’s clients include 95% of AmLaw 100 firms, 25% of the SP 500, 40% of all Fortune 100 companies and 18 of 20 of the largest banks in the U. S. The firm employees approximately 1700 employees and last year’s billings approach $1 Billion dollars. The corporate structure of AM plays a very important role in the firms’ technological needs. Specifically, most of the employees are analysts who spend a significant amount of their billable time at client sites.Therefore every employee, even support staff who spends all of their time in-house, is issued a laptop. There are no desktops in the environment. The mobility of the staff drives the need for secure remote access to resources back at the corporate headquarters or the specific local office. VPN technology is therefore of utmost importance. Even with remote access provide some client site, for secure purpose, do not allow VPN access from their site. The technical staff of AM therefore turned to a VPN technology that utilized commonly allowed web protocols. Mobility of the workforce also required a means to secure the information that is stored on the analyst laptops. AM deployed a laptop encryption technology to protect against stolen or lost laptop revealing private data. In addition the data contained on the laptop needed to be backed up in case of accidental or intentional destruction of that data. The firm chose an online service that allowed the data on the laptops to be backed up and restored when necessary. Mobility of most of the firms’ employees almost drives the adoption of mobile phones and mobile messaging.Both these needs are achieved with the use of Blackberry mobile messaging devices. The analyst and support staff needs to be able to respond to emails from any location at almost any time. The blackberry devices provide mobile access to the firms email system and with a service offered by the mobile provider, a call to a desk phone simultaneously rings on the mobile phone. Therefore, the analyst will not miss a call or an email unless they are not in a coverage area. Analysts also travel and work for short and extended period of time in other AM offices.With a feature of the Voice over IP technology the user can log into any phone and his phone profile, like phone number and speed dials, follows them to that phone. These are only two examples of how the corporate structure of AM determines the type of technology it uses. Technology serves as an enabler for the structure of AM. Scott and Davis (2007) suggest that technology is one of the means by which an organization accomplishes their work. Securing documents, financial and other record, etc of AM as well as their clients is vital to them remaining reputable in their line of business more so than some other companies.SWRC’s success is hinged on their ability to meet the needs of the disadvantaged and their aggressive fundraising; technology plays a significant role in attaining these accomplishments. My organization also uses technology to respond to emails, on desktop computers, laptops and mobile devices; however the need for swiftness and being attached to an electronic leach is not at the same level. Advance technologies have opened up new methods of communications, fundraising, advertising, reaching the community, and improved efficiency for the employees of SWRC.My organization’s client list is not listed on our website nor is it widely discussed throughout the organization. Complex technologies have also created opportunities for business development at AM through greater collaboration, increased a ccessibility to information, and information sharing. According to an article in Business Week back in 1995, technology has a large appeal and when designed well leads to people and organizations more efficient, profitable, and knowledgeable. Conclusion The three articles used in this paper indicate that technology has played a significant role in organizational structure for several years.Both of the organizations discussed have experienced increased effectiveness, broaden the channels of communication, responsiveness to customers and clients, and has improved employee productivity as a result of technological advancements. While the two organizations discussed are of differing organizational structures, technology has played a significant role in each. AM is certainly a more technology savvy company than my non-profit organization with more advanced technology needs and systems, but both organizations’ structures are enhanced by their respective technology configurations.It is important that my non-profit organization be prepared to continue to move with the projected technological advancement in the interest of remaining relevant.References Lashley, C. (1995). Towards an understanding of employee empowerment in hospitality services. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality, 7, 27-32. McCullough, J. (2004). Effects of organizational structure and information technology capability on organizational effectiveness in emerging markets. Journal of Academy of Business and Economics. Retrieved from http://www. allbusiness. com/technology/300264-1. html Mohr, B. L. (1971). Organizational theory and organizational structure. Administrative Science Quarterly, 16, 444-459. Olsen, J. K. B. , Pedersen, S. A. , Hendricks, V. F. (2009). A companion to the philosophy of technology Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell. Scott, W. R, Davis, G. F. (2007). Organizations and organizing: Rational, natural and open systems perspectives. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. How to cite Technology and Organization Structure, Essays

Statement of Vandy Koker Samples for Students †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Statement of Vandy Koker. Answer: Statement of Vandy Koker Before completing the group assignment, I was a bit worried when I found out that it was going to be a group assignment that required the input of each and every group member. This implied that we had to work as a team in order to ensure that our group became successfully in the assignment[1] .Working in a team environment where most people are strangers to each other always brings out the nerves because for one, it is quite apparent that most of the university students do not like to work in groups and those that do like working in group work actually came from the same high school and they already knew each other well[2]. As a result, this makes or leaves the rest of us that are new to Australia by ourselves to become scared with the realisation that we are not going to find a partner to work with whom we know each other since childhood or even attended similar schools. But luckily as I was late to find a group there were two other people did not have a group as well so I met Ibrah im and Johanna[3]. Initially, it is a common fact that working in a group of people who are not well acquainted with each other makes us to experience various stages that are experienced in group formation[4]. At first, we experienced some sort of conflicts since each of the group members had different likes and dislikes. However, as time progressed, we came to know each other well and thus were able to comfortably work on the assignments with great easy[5]. It is important to note that fact that despite the fact that the three of us each had different ways of working, it was quite beneficial that our way of thinking, reasoning, and articulation of issues was quite similar and therefore this was indeed a significant aspect that highly contributed in the success of working on our assignments[6]. It is prudent to note that even though the we were late to select a team because of lack of the correct combination, and that got me worried a lot, and I bet the rest of the group members were too but the day we met took all the worries out of my mind because we seamlessly worked together and allocated what each of us was going to do and so on[7]. In order to ensure the success of our assignment, it was quite vital to ensure that we allocated our assignments into different manageable tasks and divided responsibilities amongst ourselves. We started with the group contract which we did almost immediately, and in the contract, we split the work amongst each member which I was allocated to do the policies and social effect[8]. Even though we have assigned topics for each member the great thing is that we were all working on it together, for example, Ibrahim was tasked with the full responsibility of ensuring that he found an issue that is not relevant to what he is doing, and instead of forgetting about it he would pass it on to us to see if we also found it to be viable for our group[9]. I believe that the cohesion we have will not only help us to be open with our thoughts and ideas but it will also quite ultimately help in making the general assignment for our group to be quite manageable and simple. I noticed that my weakness was that I had a great and significant tendency of doing more research than I needed and this meant that I had so much junk work and that I had to take out of my work. With the limited time that we had got me worried that I was going to let down the whole of our team, but the rest of the group members were indeed quite helpful in letting me know that I can take my time and cut down the irrelevant research[10]. It was my desire, wish, and aspirations that with time, I will have to work on the weaknesses and ensure that I enhanced all of my strengths so as I succeed in not only my professional life, but also in my academic and personal life. One of the weakness we shared as a whole group would have to be that we formed our group later instead of earlier. This implied that we were very poor in time management skills and therefore there was great need for us to enhance the time and manner in which we did things. As a result, we made a decision that in future, we shall ensure that we are actually at the right time and at the right place[11]. Regardless of what our results turned out to be, I am proud to have had the chance to work with Johanna and Ibrahim and most definitely work with them through our years of university because I believe that we each of us put in one hundred percent of our efforts and commitment[12]. Our strength was the group dynamic, we all were trying to achieve the highest marks that we can get and I believe that not just me but each member of the group took pride in the work that we were able to present in the short time that we had. I think that this shows great determination on our commitment to the passion we put into this assignment and the brilliant ideas that each member brought to the table[13]. I can definitely say that it has open my eyes to different ways that I can and should approach assignments, and that actually enforces that even though we were working on an assignment together we were learning from each other on the way too[14]. Policy and Social Effects Social effect and policy have identified the main stakeholders in when a medical negligence occurs. The main stakeholders are the government, the patients and doctors without any doubt, the patient are the most venerable of the group because their health and in most cases their life is at stake when a medical negligence occurs[15]. In Queensland, a report by the Productivity Commission revealed there were 10 unanticipated events, resulting in death or serious harm, that has occurred in QLD public hospitals between 2014-2015 (third highest in Australia) and a total of 47 unanticipated events occurred between 2010-2015.[16] The Queensland governments response to the high number of medical negligence claims shows more interest to make medical indemnity affordable for medical practitioners. This is evident as the CLA does not allow victims of medical negligence matters to make any claims with respect to exemplary or punitive damages.[17] It is therefore important to ensure that all the stakeholders are involved with coming up with policies that will enhance peoples lives. One of the hardest social effects of medical negligence is establishing causation and damages by the person in harm[18]. For instance, when it comes to Establishing a duty of care in medical negligence cases is not a challenge for those bringing a civil claim[19]. The effects of the liability laws in the CLA are well evident by the difficulty in establishing causation and damages by the person in harm[20]. References Becker, L., 2014. Working with groups. Social Work/Maatskaplike Werk, 43(2). Beebe, S.A. and Masterson, J.T., 2014. Communicating in small groups: Principles and practices. Pearson Higher Ed. Berry, J.M., 2015. Lobbying for the people: The political behavior of public interest groups. Princeton University Press. De Bonis, M., Al-Attar, N., Antunes, M., Borger, M., Casselman, F., Falk, V., Folliguet, T., Iung, B., Lancellotti, P., Lentini, S. and Maisano, F., 2015. Surgical andinterventional management of mitral valve regurgitation: a position statement from the European Society of Cardiology Working Groups on Cardiovascular Surgery and Valvular Heart Disease. European heart journal, 37(2), pp.133-139. Devuyst, O., Drechsler, C., Eckardt, K.U., Emma, F. and Knebelmann, B., 2016. NDT Perspectives Recommendations for the use of tolvaptan in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease: a position statement on behalf of the ERA-EDTA Working Groups on Inherited Kidney Disorders and European Renal Best Practice. Fidalgo-Blanco, ., Sein-Echaluce, M.L., Garca-Pealvo, F.J. and Conde, M.., 2015. Using Learning Analytics to improve teamwork assessment. Computers in Human Behavior, 47, pp.149-156. Galegher, J., Kraut, R.E. and Egido, C., 2014. Intellectual teamwork: Social and technological foundations of cooperative work. Psychology Press. Gansevoort, R.T., Arici, M., Benzing, T., Birn, H., Capasso, G., Covic, A., Devuyst, O., Drechsler, C., Eckardt, K.U., Emma, F. and Knebelmann, B., 2016. Recommendations for the use of tolvaptan in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease: a position statement on behalf of the ERA-EDTA Working Groups on Inherited Kidney Disorders and European Renal Best Practice. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation, 31(3), pp.337-348. Garvin, C.D., Gutirrez, L.M. and Galinsky, M.J. eds., 2017. Handbook of social work with groups. Guilford Publications. Haslam, S.A., van Knippenberg, D., Platow, M.J. and Ellemers, N. eds., 2014. Social identity at work: Developing theory for organizational practice. Psychology Press. Jeffery, C. ed., 2015. The regional dimension of the European Union: towards a third level in Europe?. Routledge. Josephs, N., Bonnell, T., Dostie, M., Barrett, L. and Henzi, S.P., 2016. Working the crowd: sociable vervets benefit by reducing exposure to risk. Behavioral Ecology, 27(4), pp.988-994. Keating, P.J., 2016. The Working-Classes in Victorian Fiction. Routledge. Kinser, K., 2015. Working at a for-profit: The University of Phoenix. International Higher Education, (28). Klein, J., 2014. Working with Groups (Psychology Revivals): The Social Psychology of Discussion and Decision. Routledge. Krueger, R.A. and Casey, M.A., 2014. Focus groups: A practical guide for applied research. Sage publications. Moore, R., 2015. Nationalizing blackness: Afrocubanismo and artistic revolution in Havana, 1920-1940. University of Pittsburgh Pre. Prescott, S.L., Allen, K., Armstrong, K., Collins, C., Dickinson, H., Gardiner, K., Jacka, F., Jasoni, C., Moore, T., Moritz, K.M. and Muhlhausler, B., 2016. The establishment of DOHaD working groups in Australia and New Zealand. Journal of developmental origins of health and disease, 7(5), pp.433-439. Seferovi?, P.M., Stoerk, S., Filippatos, G., Mareev, V., Kavoliuniene, A., Risti?, A.D., Ponikowski, P., McMurray, J., Maggioni, A., Ruschitzka, F. and Veldhuisen, D.J., 2013. Organization of heart failuremanagement in European Society of Cardiology member countries: survey of the Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology in collaboration with the Heart Failure National Societies/Working Groups. European journal of heart failure, 15(9), pp.947-959. Stocker, T. ed., 2014. Climate change 2013: the physical science basis: Working Group I contribution to the Fifth assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press.

Nail Clipper Essays - Woodworking, Toiletry, Medical Equipment

Nail Clipper Description of a Standard Nail Clipper Introduction-General Description The standard nail clipper is a portable tool used for trimming fingernails and toenails. It can also be used for filing your nails and removing the dirt from behind your nails. The nail clipper has two main parts that are bolted together and provide the necessary leverage to trim the nail. Attached to the base of the nail clipper is a file that is connected by a circular shaft that allows you to rotate the file 360 degrees about the shaft. A bolt to the base connects the second part that provides leverage and this rotates about the bolt to either a position that is parallel to the main part or at a point that is 43 degrees at an angle to the main part (Figure 1). Figure 1 The nail clipper works to trim your nails when the second piece is at an angle to the main part of the clipper. When the second part is compressed with your nail underneath the sharp end of the two pieces, that portion of your nail is removed. Three main parts make up the nail clipper: base, leverage part, and file. Description of Parts and Their Function Base. The base of the nail clipper is 2 and ? inches in length and weighs 9.3 grams. It has two pieces connected to each other by a bolt at an angle of 5 degrees to each other. At the ends of these two pieces is the sharp part of the nail clipper that is used to cut the nail. These ends are shaped to fit around your fingernail or toenail. Leverage Part. The leverage part of the nail clipper is 2 inches long and weighs 3.8 grams. It is connected to the base by the same bolt that connects the two main pieces of the base. The bolt is constructed to allow the leverage part to rotate 360 degrees about the bolt. When the piece is lifted forward and in, it parallels itself to the base (Figure 2). It can also be moved to a position 43 degrees at an angle to the base which allows the piece to compress the two sharp end pieces of the base. Figure 2 File. The file is connected to the base of the nail clipper by a circular shaft at the opposite end of the clipper. It can rotate about this shaft 360 degrees, which allows for easy access of the file. The file is 1 and ? inches in length and weighs 1.4 grams. At the end of the file there is a sharp point that is ? inches in length, which allows the user to remove dirt from behind the nails. Conclusion and Operating Description The three main parts of a nail clipper all work together to provide the necessary leverage to compress the sharp ends of the base. When the leverage piece is compressed, the two parts of the base become compressed, and the angle between the two sharp ends closes to zero. This causes the ends of your nails to be removed. By following the ends of your fingernails or toenails with the sharp end of the nail clipper and compressing it each time, you are able to trim your nails to the desired length. Speech and Communications

Free Essays on Chivailry Is Becoming Extinct

Chivalry is Becoming Extinct Le Morte d’ Arthur is a magnificent work on the Arthurian legend. It was written by Sir Thomas Malory of Newbold Revell, Warwickshire. He was evidently a violent, lawless individual who committed a series of crimes, including poaching, extortion, robbery, and murder. Most of his life from 1451 was spent in prison, and he probably did most of his writing there. Malory lived in a time when there were knights and squires. Just about everywhere they were running under a feudal system. Feudalism meant that the country was not governed by the king but by individual lords, or barons, who administered their own estates, dispensed their own justice, minted their own money, levied taxes and tolls, and demanded military service from vassals. This story is about the rise and fall of King Arthur’s kingdom and his death. Chivalry is a code of honor that Knights swore to uphold and strive to achieve. It is an exaggerated act of love or kindness. In short, a chivalrous person made the world a better place. Remaining faithful to your word is an example of something a chivalrous person would do. Showing courtesy and compassion are others. Chivalry is evidenced in Malory’s work through the knights. The knights job was to be chivalrous, and you can see this in his work. The way the knights were so brave and wouldn’t let the other knights die when they dueled is chivalrous. They would only injure them then let them live another day. Chivalry is almost lost in our culture today. I don’t think that it is dead but it’s not seen very often. The advantage of chivalry is the fact that it would make this world a better place. If everyone showed respect and was honorable people would be much happier and their would be less crime. The disadvantage to chivalry are independent people who feel they don’t need any help ... Free Essays on Chivailry Is Becoming Extinct Free Essays on Chivailry Is Becoming Extinct Chivalry is Becoming Extinct Le Morte d’ Arthur is a magnificent work on the Arthurian legend. It was written by Sir Thomas Malory of Newbold Revell, Warwickshire. He was evidently a violent, lawless individual who committed a series of crimes, including poaching, extortion, robbery, and murder. Most of his life from 1451 was spent in prison, and he probably did most of his writing there. Malory lived in a time when there were knights and squires. Just about everywhere they were running under a feudal system. Feudalism meant that the country was not governed by the king but by individual lords, or barons, who administered their own estates, dispensed their own justice, minted their own money, levied taxes and tolls, and demanded military service from vassals. This story is about the rise and fall of King Arthur’s kingdom and his death. Chivalry is a code of honor that Knights swore to uphold and strive to achieve. It is an exaggerated act of love or kindness. In short, a chivalrous person made the world a better place. Remaining faithful to your word is an example of something a chivalrous person would do. Showing courtesy and compassion are others. Chivalry is evidenced in Malory’s work through the knights. The knights job was to be chivalrous, and you can see this in his work. The way the knights were so brave and wouldn’t let the other knights die when they dueled is chivalrous. They would only injure them then let them live another day. Chivalry is almost lost in our culture today. I don’t think that it is dead but it’s not seen very often. The advantage of chivalry is the fact that it would make this world a better place. If everyone showed respect and was honorable people would be much happier and their would be less crime. The disadvantage to chivalry are independent people who feel they don’t need any help ...

Bicycle Propulsion Systems

Bicycle Propulsion Systems    1.Abstract This report documents the development of bicycle propulsion systems over time and mentions the changes made to make the bicycle more efficient, safe, faster and resistant. It defines what a bicycle’s drivetrain system is in a few words and what they are used for on a bicycle. It includes brief information about 4 of the first bicycles made in the 1800s and refers to the changes in design and materials used for these bicycles. It also consists information of the 2 main bicycles used today and the improvements they have had compared to the older bicycles. At last, this report recommends improvements that could be made to the bicycle to make it more efficient. 3.Nomenclature Km/h = kilometers per hour Kg = kilograms Torque = a force that causes rotation Cadence = the number of revolutions of the crank per minute 4.Introduction Public transportation has changed and improved over a great period of time. These improvements have helped make transp ortation ,from one location to another, much easier. The bicycle is a great example of a method of transportation that has gone through a lot of improvements so that it is easier to use, faster, safer and more damage resistant. All this has happened by engineers taking into consideration the materials they use and the design of the bicycle. 5.Discussion and Analysis of Material 5.1 Bicycle Drivetrain Systems (Appendix 1 and 2) Bicycle Drivetrain Systems are used to transmit the rider’s power to the drive wheels in order to move the bicycle forward. Nowadays, most drivetrain systems include mechanisms that are used to convert speed and torque via gear ratios. Over the years propulsion systems for the bicycle have ranged from the rider’s legs, to the modern drivetrain systems that include gears and pedals. 5.2 History (Appendix 3) Over the past couple of centuries many different bicycles have been invented that have different characteristics in order to improve safety and efficiency, but still had a similar structure. Many of the different developed bicycles include: Hobby Horse (Appendix 4) The Hobby Horse was invented in 1817, by the German inventor, Baron Karl Drais. This bicycle had a primitive design and did not include a drivetrain. It was a 23kg bicycle which was made out of wood, including the wheels. It also included a leather saddle for the rider to sit on, and resembled a modern handlebar. The rider’s feet was the propulsion system for this bicycle. This meant that the rider wouldn’t be able to go very fast and would require a great amount of effort to move it forward due to its weight. It would also be difficult to transfer the bicycle uphill, thus the rider would have to carry it. Whilst going downhill, the lack of brakes would cause the bicycle to travel at a fast speed without anything, other than the rider’s feet, to stop it. Velocipede (Appendix 5) The Velocipede was invented in 1858 by the Fr ench Michaux company. This bicycle was a great development from the Hobby Horse. It first had a cast iron frame which was then changed to wrought iron for better damage resistance. The seat featured suspension which was inspired by the suspension used in wagons. Although, the bicycle was not comfortable to ride, hence why it’s also called the â€Å"Boneshaker†. The wheels were wooden but consisted of iron tyres. It also included pedals on the axle of the front wheel as the bicycle’s propulsion system. The pedals would allow the rider to use less effort, compared to the Hobby Horse, to move the bicycle forward. This bicycle also consists of the introduction of a first brake, which included a metal lever that pressed a wooden pad against the rear wheel, making it much safer as it has the capability of stopping, though the wooden pad would wear out due to the friction between the pad and the wheel. Penny Farthing (Appendix 6) The Penny Farthing was invented in 1869 by French, Eugene Meyer. The bicycle’s design was based on the desire to make it faster, thus using it for sport. Since gears were not invented yet, the front wheel’s size was increased so it would travel a longer distance after one full rotation. The frame weight was reduced to increase riding comfort including solid rubber tires, and the use of hollow steel tubes made it lighter. With the introduction of spokes and ball bearings, the wheels were also improved. The Penny Farthing would reach top speeds of 40km/h, but despite its advantages it had many disadvantages. It required a running start and a mounting step for riders to be able to mount it. To stop, the rider would require to jump off the bike. The higher centre of gravity on the bicycle would mean that if the rider fell they would have great accident. And at last, if the rider went over a bump they would be sent flying, leading to a fatal accident. The Penny Farthing’s propulsion system were stil l the pedals, although, their positioning on the bigger front wheel would require riders with tall legs to ride them. Due to the bigger wheel, one rotation of the pedals would allow the bicycle to cover a longer distance, hence why it is faster than previous bicycles. This design might my the bicycle faster and more efficient, but it was more dangerous due to the height and centre of gravity of the bike, the lack of feasible brakes and the high speeds it can reach. The Rover (Appendix 7) The Rover was invented in 1885 by English John Kemp Starley. This bicycle was chain driven and was also known as the â€Å"Safety Bicycle†. It featured equal sized wheels and a diamond frame, used to equally distribute the forces throughout the bicycle’s frame, though it still lacked a seat tube. The solid rubber tires were also replaced in 1888 with pneumatic tires, which made it more comfortable to ride. The original model of The Rover used treadles to turn the rear wheels, but t he later updated model used a chain drive which consisted of a large front sprocket and a small rear sprocket used to multiply the revolutions of the pedals without the need of a large front wheel. The pedals were more centred putting the rider’s feet away from the front wheel, and the centre of gravity was lower making it easier for the rider to stop by putting their feet on the ground. To also better stop the bicycle, it included a lever which pushes a metal pad onto the front wheel. This bicycle was much safer due to its frame design and its low centre of gravity. It had increased efficiency due to the positioning of the pedals and the two same sized wheels whilst still being capable of travelling at high speeds with the brake being able to stop the bicycle if needed. The design of the handlebar also helped to improve the handling of the bicycle. The use of metal on the frame and on the chain mechanism also made it resistant from damage. Although, with the introduction o f the new chain mechanism, pebbles or sticks could get caught in the chain, possibly damaging the mechanism. 5.3 The modern bicycles Today there is a variety of bicycles that are used for different situations. To be able to adapt to the different situations, the bicycles have different characteristics but still have similarities structure-wise. The 2 main types are mountain bikes and racing bikes. Mountain Bikes (Appendix 8) Mountain bikes are bicycles designed for off-road riding. They are similar to other bikes but consist features that help enhance performance and durability on rough terrain. They consist of suspension on the frame and fork making the ride on rough terrain more comfortable, knobby tires which adds more grip on the wheels, heavy duty wheels that add durability, and more powerful brakes to help stop the bike instantly when on the rough terrain. The bicycle’s propulsion system includes derailleur gears (Appendix 2) that consists of a crankset for th e rotation of the bicycle’s pedals, a cogset which is a set of different sized metal cogs or sprockets that are used as the gears, and a chain that links the cogset with the crankset. Different gears provide different torque and speed and requires different amounts of effort to rotate the pedals. The higher the gear, the more torque, speed and effort. The gears are controlled by a shifter which is connected to the gearing gearing mechanism by a cable. Mountain bikes tend to have up to 30 gears, yet mountain bikers choose to use 10 or 9 speed bikes due to the lighter weight and less complexity. The mountain bikes are very efficient and safe bicycle as they include disk brakes that help with instantaneous stopping, a gearing system that helps reduce the amount of effort the rider will have to use and is adaptable to different types of roads, and suspension that provides comfort. Racing Bike (Appendix 9) Racing bikes are designed for competitive road cycling. Its main char acteristics are its light weight for higher speeds, and its stiffness due to the lack of suspension also to achieve high speeds with the sacrifice of comfort. The handlebars are designed and positioned lower than the saddle so that the rider has a more aerodynamic posture. The front and back wheels are positioned close together to allow for quick handling. For the propulsion system the bicycle uses a derailleur system similar to the Mountain Bike. The gear ratios have close spacing so that the rider can pedal at the optimum cadence. To shift gears the bicycle consists of an electronic shifting system. The switch is connected wired or wirelessly to a battery pack and to a small electric motor that is used to drive the derailleur, moving the chain between the cogs. This improvement allows for the rider to switch gears faster. The Racing Bike is quite efficient in terms of speed, and quite safe as it includes disk brakes that stop the bike instantly with the exception of knobby whe els as it would decrease the speed of the bike. The materials manufactures use for the frame e.g. Carbon fibre, cause the bike to be light in weight and capable of travelling at faster speeds. 6.Conclusions There have been many major developments in public transport over the years, with the bicycle as a great example. Many improvements have been made to the bicycle and the methods it uses for the rider to move it forwards. The introduction of new drivetrain systems and the vast use of different materials according to their properties are the cause of these improvements. The invention of, more complex, propulsion and brake systems have helped improve the efficiency and safety of the bicycle and the implementation of stronger and lighter materials has increased the bicycle’s damage resistance and has made it capable of reaching higher speeds (Appendix 10) with less effort required by the rider. Also improvements on the seat and the suspension on the bicycle have contributed to make it a more comfortable method of transportation. 7.Recommendations The bicycle has had great developments over the years, though more improvements can be made in order to make the bicycle safer, faster and more efficient. Such improvements may include: Adding a cover, made of a light plastic, for the gearing system so that nothing can get caught in the mechanism, running the brake lines through the frame of the bicycle so there aren’t any cords hanging, adding a cogset to the front wheel making it a 2-wheel drive thus making it faster. 8.References Crazyguyonabike April 15, 2009, The Hobby Horse: 1817 – Karl Drais and his running machine. https://www.crazyguyonabike.com/doc/page/?page_id=40616 , (accessed 1/3/2017) Crazyguyonabike May 2, 2007, The Boneshaker: 1867 – Pierre Lallement, the Michaux family and their velocipede. https://www.crazyguyonabike.com/doc/page/?page_id=40617 , (accessed 1/3/2017) Crazyguyonabike July 2, 2007, The P enny Farthing: 1878 – James Starley and his ordinaries . https://www.crazyguyonabike.com/doc/page/?page_id=40618 , (accessed 1/3/2017) Crazyguyonabike March 27, 2009, The Rover: 1885 – The modern bicycle born in England. https://www.crazyguyonabike.com/doc/page/?o=tS&page_id=40621&v=9Y , (accessed 1/3/2017) Wikipedia January 6, 2017, Racing Bicycle. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racing_bicycle , (accessed 2/3/2017) Wikipedia February 23, 2017, Mountain bike. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_bike , (accessed 2/3/2017) 9.Appendices Appendix 1 Appendix 2 Appendix 3 Appendix 4 Appendix 5 Appendix 6 Appendix 7 Appendix 8 Appendix 9 Appendix 10

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“A Visit of Charity” by Eudora Welty Essay Example for Free

â€Å"A Visit of Charity† by Eudora Welty Essay Is Eudora Welty successful in showing how human beings can be more interested in their own personal gains than the needs of others? Marian didn’t really want to visit the home for the elderly but she is a Campfire Girl and by taking out the time to go, she will gain points for offering her time to charity work. A gift of flowers was something that Marian brought to the home in order to make her visit look more genuine, but the apple that she brought; she hid outside so that none would think it was also a gift. There was no special person that she wanted to visit, she only wanted to do the job that she came for, earn her point and leave. She wears her Campfire Girls cap to show who she is and she is very afraid to be around a bunch of older people that she has never met, before, but the added point means so much to her that she is willing to visit this strange home. She is more interested in what she can gain from this visit than what she can offer to others. Addie wasn’t thrilled by Marian’s visit. She was a cranky old lady who didn’t even like her roommate and couldn’t stand to hear her talk about a bunch of nothing, all the time. Marian had pretty, yellow hair which she wore a white cap over and she dressed in her red coat as she observed the two women in the nursing home. She had a job to perform and so much to do in her life as she watched the two ladies who had nothing but each other. (Welty, 1980) In â€Å"A Visit of Charity†, Eudora Welty uses Marian as a character who acts in ways that many of us do at certain times in our lives, in performing deeds that are solely for ourselves, and sometimes we forget about the feelings of others. Welty demonstrates in this story that we need to not only try to work toward our own goals but at the same time, we need to consider the thoughts and emotions of others who are less fortunate. Marian is the girl who Welty chose to show that people, especially young individuals, sometimes forget about more important things as we search for awards and points that make us look and feel better about ourselves. To truly feel better about ourselves, we must consider the feelings of others and then we gain the biggest reward of all; knowing that we made someone else’s day a little brighter and more fulfilling. Marian still had many lessons to learn, in life about human kindness, and as she takes a big bite out of the apple, she shows that she had been more interested in her own personal gain in this visit. The author made you think about others in her writing. Eudora Welty clearly showed the selfishness that one can see in Marian’s visit to the nursing home and how she had so much to learn about the true meaning of sharing and giving of yourself in helping others who are less fortunate. I believe that Eudora Welty clearly showed that human beings are sometimes very capable of seeking out their own personal gain in life and are highly capable of not considering the feelings of others, as we do. Reference Page Welty, Marian. (1980) â€Å"A Visit of Charity†. Library of America.

Different Strands of Feminism: Comparing Equal Rights Feminism, and Socialist Feminism :: Womens Studies

Different Strands of Feminism: Comparing Equal Rights Feminism, and Socialist Feminism With the developments going on in England during the 19th century, a new social class started to emerge, a middle class whose wealth came from land, trade, the professions, or industry. It was from this class that a great deal of the women working for the women's right movement emerged from in the 19th century, since they were the ones that experienced the deprivation of rights which men from this class had won. In 1897 in England the women's movement reunited in the National Union of Women's Suffrage Society, and from here on more women, from both the middle-class, and the working class began allying with the new Labor Party to advocate for the right os workers in general. However, the new reunited women's movement split again in 1906 when feminist lost patient after a deputation of 300 women meet with the prime minister to request the vote, and got instead an advice to be patient. From here on the English women's movement concentrated in winning the vote, but split into two r ival parties, the National Union of Women's Suffrage Society(NUWSS) led by Millicent Garrett Fawcett, and the Women's Social and Political Union(WSPU), led by Emmiline Goulden Pankhurst. Faweet took the prime minister, and peacefully, and patiently continued working to get the vote. She believed that the parliamentary democracy would eventually acknowledge women's right to the vote. So she dedicated to expand membership of NUWSS, to promote publically the demand for the vote, through speaking tours, and distribution of their journal, The Common Cause, and to lobby Liberal Politician to vote in favor of women's suffrage. They repudiated the use of violent tactics. Pankhurst on the other hand completely discarded the advice of the prime minster. She believed that of the vote was to be gain, then action had to be taken. Pankusrt actively spoke to gain the vote whenever a Liberal politician spoke. She participated in local and national suffrage demonstrations, at personal risk. WSPU follows this tactics, they disrupted meeting, organized demonstrations such as open-air rallies. In spite of all this government still did not act, so the WSPU turned to more violent ta ctic. They broke windows, poured liquid down mail boxes, cut telegraph wire, and curve "Votes for Women" in golf courses. They often encounter arrest, to which they responded with hunger strikes.

Reactions on Reaction Paper

Reaction on Reaction Paper The first thing that came to my mind when I have heard about Reaction paper is â€Å"What exactly is it? † and before I get an understanding of that, I resisted that change. But later, when I have studied about it and understood its purpose, I have started thinking â€Å"Why people avoid change at the first look without an analysis? † The general human tendency is to live in a comfortable zone in which he has lived for quite some time. He draws a circle, thinks that circle is his whole world. Any small change to that particular circle causes lot of discomfort to him and the first thing he does is to resist the change. The reaction can be a positive one or negative one and it depends on four parameters Attitude, Pre-experience, Knowledge and Mindset of the person who is exposed to that particular situation. I am going to explore a little more about all these parameters in this reaction paper. Attitude of a person has roots in the environment he has been brought up. There can be two types of attitude: positive and negative. If he has seen all the negative reactions from the people surrounding him, he will react in a negative way to whatever he faces. The same is applicable even to positive attitude. It takes lot of effort and time to change the attitude of the person. For example, a positive attitude person, when hears about Reaction paper, thinks that â€Å"This is something different from what I have seen till now. It looks very interesting and let me try it out† and negative attitude person thinks â€Å"Why is this reaction paper? Why do we have to change the traditional system? Anyways it won’t bring much change in my thinking†. When we talk about attitude, remember that it comes without any thought process. It is just the impulse effect. Pre-experience is another parameter which highly influences the resistance to change. If the person has faced similar situation in the past and his positive attitude has not brought him any fruitful results, he will immediately react to the change. He won’t be doing an analysis what exactly happened in the past situation and how exactly the new situation is different from that. The moment he brings in the pros and cons of the both situations, he will be in a good position to analyse the situation. But for this, he should have faced the similar situations with different outcomes because of different attitudes. If he has seen the same outcome even with different approaches, then he is bound to react in a negative way to the situation. Mindset as a factor depends on mood of the person at that moment. If the person has been tired for the complete day, he won’t be in a position to accept the change. This is applicable to sad/fear/angry moods. When he is in any of the moods as mentioned above, negative matter is generated in the brain and that affects his mindset to the situation. In contrast, if the person is in a joyous mood, he readily accept the change at that moment even without analysis as joy/happiness produces positive matter in the brain. Complete knowledge of the situation is also another factor which affects the reaction/action. Depending on the amount of knowledge, person’s perception of the situation changes. If he has the complete knowledge of the situation, he will react in a positive way. One example can be policy communication in the Organization. When the employer communicates well about the change through workshops, fun events and drives the need for it, then it takes very less time for the employees to get adjusted to the change. In contrast to that, if you just talk about change without giving the knowledge about why it is required, why now etc, then employees are tend to react in a negative way to the change. In brief, if the person can control all the four factors mentioned above, he takes the change process in positive way. If I have to link it with one of the Teachings from the class, I will say that my question of â€Å"Why people avoid change at the first look without an analysis? † is the problem statement and the theory I searched for is people reactions to the change. I identified four variables to identify the cause for the reaction. Finally, I have developed my own theory of â€Å"Reasons for the reaction of the person to a situation and ways to control it†

Load Shedding in Nepal

Load shedding, which has been a part of Nepalese society from the last one decade and has pushed Nepal in the Stone Age in this era of modern Science and Technology, which is the great problem for the developing country like Nepal. Load shedding simply means the interruption in the electricity due to the overload or demand of electricity and disableness of the plant to produce desire amount of the electricity, which is very common in Nepal.Everyone in Nepal is very much familiar with this great problem of the modern Nepal. It is very simple to cut off the flow of electricity from the distribution station but in other hand it is very much difficult to grasp the loss in the economic field as well as other field in that small period of load-shedding. First, it affects the investors who have invested their property in the industries and after then the customers and finally the economy of the whole Nepal.Just the minute of interruption in the electricity, effects badly the production of g oods in the industries and the economy of that industries and finally it brings the deduction of tax which company have to pay to government and then if the government does not get tax from the industries which are the main source of economy for a country, how it will develop the country which requires the enormous budget . In other hand it has also created the unemployment in the state as most of the industries are going to close due to the load shedding of Nepal from which day by day enormous number of workers are being deprived from their job .Besides these, it has made the life very miserable in the country as in this era of Modern Science and Technology ,most of our works depends upon the electrical equipment ,which cannot be operated without the electricity. In addition to this, it has made people lazy as due to the cutoff of electricity, many people who do work on the electricity do not have anything to do as there almost 16 hours of daily load-shedding in Nepal .It also have effected very much in the sector of education as for the advance education system, we have to use the presentation which is not possible without our great servant, electricity, due to which students has problem in understanding the difficult lessons and develop correct concept which they have to use in their future as they have to develop the nation and world but if they do not have excellent concept ,how will they be able to develop the nation and world with the equipments that will made our lifestyle easy and comfortable .For this also, load-shedding will also affect the future of Nepal as currently Nepal is suffering from the disaster of load-shedding. Load-shedding also has a great role in the increment of population as due to the load-shedding, people are free from work and stay leisurely which make them sexually excited. Hence the population increases consciously or unconsciously. This will also finally effect the people of Nepal as their may arise the problems of starvation, shelter problem, and other facilities as the land is limited and cannot give the support beyond its capacity.Beyond this, there may arise the war between the people for the survival as there would be scarcity of everything and will be great difficulties to achieve the essential requirements for the survival due to which there may begin the war. In addition, malnutrition that will occur due to starvation will degrade the quality of mind of upcoming generation and they will not be able to analyze the situation in their life carefully, which is the most important for the success of life.Hence they would not be able to do anything easily and smoothly, as the administration requires the knowledge. Hence the load-shedding has made the future of Nepal dark. It is the common problem for the all the Nepalese so; it cannot be controlled or eradicated by the effort of only one person. All the people should work with hand in hand and help each other. Like all the people should use less electri city consuming equipments and should with care and should not be use when not needed.Moreover people should invest on hydroelectricity project, which has great potentiality in Nepal, and avoid the leakage of electricity. The bribery must be stopped and the users must implement fair use policy. Besides this, the water resources like rivers, streams, etc should be kept clean. A forestation must be carried out for the as well as ecosystem should be kept balanced.

Write a College Term Paper

Write a College Term Paper Write a College Term Paper Write a College Term Paper Students are often intimidated about writing college-level term papers. By reviewing key prewriting strategies, you will learn how confidently begin writing formal college term paper. This lesson is designed to show how thinking about purpose, audience, and role can shape your writing and make it easier for you narrow down a topic. Being able to generate ideas is also a key skill for writers of term papers as you continue to narrow down your topic. You probably have already heard what a thesis statement is, and by reviewing key strategies for writing the thesis, you will be able to craft your own thesis. Once you have a preliminary thesis, you can begin to outline ideas, which will help you to organize your thoughts and make the writing process much easier. Term paper: Considering Your Writing Context The writing context includes three key factors: The writers purpose The writers audience The writers role Term paper purpose Think about any recent writing that youve done, whether it was writing an term paper for one of your classes or sending an email home to your parents. No matter type of writing youre doing, there is a reason why youre writing. In general, there are four main reasons for writing: To entertain the reader To relate an experience and/or express feelings To inform the reader about something interesting or important To persuade the reader to think or act in a particular way Understanding your purpose before you start writing is an important part of the argumentative term paper writing process: Term paper audience Having a clear idea of who your audience will be is just as important as identifying your purpose. First, you need to have a clear sense of who your reader is, and second, you need to know what the reader is like. Just about every decision you make about your writing will be influenced by your audience. For instance, what type of vocabulary would be appropriate for your audience? Will you need to define certain terms or can you assume your audience already knows the given terminology? Interesting posts: Dissertation Paper PhD Thesis My Dissertation What is a Thesis? Thesis Methodology

Financial Markets and Institutions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Financial Markets and Institutions - Essay Example (Govori, 2005) The financial market is divided between investors and financial institutions. Financial institutions are organizations, which act as agents, brokers, and intermediaries in financial transactions - usually a bank that keeps custody of an investment or assets. Agents and brokers contract on behalf of others while intermediaries sell for their own account. For example, a stockbroker buys and sells stocks for us as our agent, but a savings and loan borrows our money (savings account) and lends it to others (mortgage loan). The stockbroker is classified as an agent and broker, and savings and loan is called a financial intermediary. Brokers and savings and loans, like all financial institutions, buy and sell securities, but they are classified separately, because the primary activity of brokers is buying and selling rather than buying and holding an investment portfolio. Financial institutions are classified according to their primary activity, although they frequently engage in overlapp ing activities. The types of instruments exchanged in financial markets include promissory notes, commercial bills or bank-accepted bills. Other types of securities include treasury notes issued by a government, commercial papers and certificates of deposits. Why do we need financial markets and institutions One of the indicative signs of a robust economy is a dynamic exchange or circulation of money by business and government activities. This is where the financial markets play a significant role. Financial markets facilitate the movement of funds from those who save money (meaning idle money) to those who invest money in capital assets. Financial markets mobilize funds and reallocate them to uses that generate better returns than can be achieved by the holders of the funds through securities traded in the financial markets. Simplistically, they provide a convenient place where savers can safely invest excess money and consumers can easily borrow funds and be used for various purposes to further fuel the economy of a nation. What role do they play in a nation's economy The financial markets and institutions play a number of important roles in the financial system. The financial markets price funds so that businesses and governments can make rational economic allocations of capital. Business and/or government may decide upon a time pattern for expenditures that does not necessarily coincide with their current or expected income flows. Financial markets allow time adjustments in the payments for goods. Without them, there would be no opportunity to earn interest on savings, and expenditures would be limited to current receipts and cash. Savings allows many consumers to postpone consumption and to receive returns from investments. Another important function of financial markets is that it distributes economic risks. On a larger scale, the financial markets transfer the massive risks from people actually performing the work to savers who accept the risk of an uncertain return. The chance of failure for a $500 million computer chips manufacturer may be divided among thousands of investors living and working all over the world. If the computer chips business fails, each investor loses only part of his or her

Computer Architecture Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Computer Architecture - Assignment Example In his 1946 paper authored with Hermann H. Goldstine and Arthur W. Burks, and titled "Preliminary Discussion of the Logical Design of an Electronic Computing Instrument,† von Neumann provided an elaborate explanation and plan concerning the physical layout of a basic computer and how it should operate. The ideas and explanations in the paper were to have a massive influence on virtually every subsequent design and development of computers (Aspray, 1990). His pioneering design ultimately led to the building (in 1952) of the EDVAC computer. According to Aspray (1990), the von Neumann architecture is what has always been used in the computer world whenever computers are being designed, and it is what most people are used to anyway. It is considered to be a groundbreaking innovation that laid one of the strongest foundations in the design, organization and development of electronic computers. In the "Preliminary Discussion" section of his paper, von Neumann states that a computer s hould have 4 main "organs." These â€Å"organs† can be categorized as connected to memory, connection to human input, control and arithmetic; they are otherwise known as the control unit, the arithmetic logic unit, input-output devices and the memory unit. von Neumann considered the ability to store orders, or instructions, that resulted in computation, as well as the results of this computation, as the core elements of a computer. As a result, more attention was to be paid to these elements. It is important to note that von Neumann defined every one of the four components he saw as integral to the development of general purpose computers, and therefore made it easy for subsequent developments to be made (Aspray, 1990). Question 2 As one of the two main buses in a computer, the system bus plays a crucial role in ensuring that a computer functions normally and commands are executed as required. The system bus is a network formed by the linking of the different sections in a co mputer; these are the system memory, the CPU and other components that are located on the motherboard. The main function of the system bus is to enhance modularity and reduce production costs all at the same time (Appleman, 2000). For example, earlier computers were bulky and were considered them too expensive for regular people who wanted to own a computer. The primary reason behind this was that companies found it hard to fit all the components of a computer into the motherboard, and therefore had to use more materials in order to create enough space to house all of them. Thus, a combination of poor ergonomics and high production costs meant that it was inevitable that the final product would be huge and prices would be prohibitive. However, with the invention and increasing use of the system bus, it was possible to make smaller computers that performed just as well as (if not better than) the earlier versions. In addition to this, there was a lot of expectation from customers tha t prices would be lowered and modulation between memory, cost and input-output devices would be enhanced (Appleman, 2000). Over time, the system bus has been refined and improved on, leading to even smaller computers and eventually the development of laptop computers that incorporate sleeker and more sophisticated system buses. Question 3 Due to the fact that computers run in binary (using zeros (0s) and ones (1s) only), it