Anatomy and Physiology of the Digestive System

Anatomy and Physiology of the Digestive System Introduction Anatomy is scientific study of the structures of the body and their relationship with each other. Physiology is scientific study of the functions of the body and how their work together as systems. Anatomy study helps in understanding the human body part structures, and the physiology study helps to know the functions of those parts that help the organism in its action performance. The knowledge on the human physiology and anatomy forms the basis of all medicine. Without knowing how the body is made up, how it can go wrong and how it works, we cannot even picture the effective treatments. Most functions of the body are not voluntarily controlled, they occur deliberately to build, maintain and endure life. Learning physiology and anatomy means that we know the general basics of medicine where disease is abnormal structure (anatomy) or function (physiology) of the humans body cells, tissues, muscles and organs, and if you understand the normal function and structure it is easy to realize the source of the problem. This assignment will identify and describe functions of the main components of the digestive system; identify cell and tissue types; identify and describe the urinary system. The resources used to complete this assignment were tutor notes, Creative Training learners manual, Tucker L. An introductory guide to Anatomy Physiology, free multimedia resources and OpenStax College Anatomy Physiology.   Ã‚   Part A (i) Identify the parts of the digestive system on the diagram overleaf. (ii) Explain the function of each part of the digestive system identified in the diagram above. (iii) Outline the composition of Proteins, Fats and Carbohydrates, and explain how each of them are digested and absorbed by the body. The digestive system are system by which ingested food is acted upon by physical and chemical means to provide the body with absorbable nutrients and to excrete waste products; in animals the system includes the alimentary canal extending from the mouth to the anus, and the hormones and enzymes assisting in digestion. http://www.dictionary.com/ Digestion is important for processing food into nutrients, which the body uses for energy, growth, and cell repair. The major functions of the digestive system are Ingestion Digestion Absorption Defecation. The organs of the digestive system can be divided in to Gastrointestinal tract includes: mouth, oesophagus, stomach, small intestine and large intestine. Accessory organs includes: teeth, tongue, salivary glands, gallbladder, liver and pancreas (i) Identify the parts of the digestive system on the diagram overleaf. Smooth muscle- lining of the walls of gastrointestinal tract involuntary contracts and relaxes creating wave like contractions called peristalsis that helps to move food along gastrointestinal tract and helps to mix the substances. Segmentation contractions move Bolus (partialy digested food) in oesophagus. Every cell of the body needs nourishment, but most cells are immobile and their cant travel to source of food. Food and drink must be changed into smaller molecules of nutrients before the blood absorbs them and transports them to the cells through the body. The digestive system breaks down nutrients from food and drink into carbohydrates, protein, fats, and vitamins. The functions of digestive system are: Ingestion- taking food in to gastrointestinal tract Propulsion- moves the substances along gastrointestinal tract (peristalsis segmentation) Digestion is divided into: 1) Mechanical breakdown of food (chewing segmentation) 2) Chemical breakdown of food by enzymes (very efficient catalysts for biochemical reactions) produced by glands and accessory organs of the digestive system Absorption- process when digested food substances pass through walls of some organs of the gastrointestinal tract into bloodstream. Elimination- food substances which cannot be digested and absorbed are excreted as faeces. (ii) Explain the function of each part of the digestive system identified in the diagram above. The gastrointestinal tract is the main system to breakdown and transforms food into microscopic substances that necessary to maintain body cells and tissues in different areas of the body. 1. The Mouth The first of the activities of the digestive system -ingestion starts when the food is taking into the alimentary canal trough to the mouth. There the food is chewed, teared and grinded by teeth. The Teeth:There normally are 32 teeth in adult mouth and there are 4 types of teeth. Each type of the teeth has their own function in the breakdown the food. Incisors- 4 in each jaw, sharp, narrow-edged teeth used for cutting and biting Canines- 2 in each jaw, between incisors and premolars, sharp, pointed teeth used to tear food Premolars- 4 in each jaw, blunt, broad teeth with two sharp ridges used to chew food Molars- 6 in each jaw, there are similar but larger than premolars, each has a four sharp ridges used to crash and chew food. The Tongue: Muscular organ with many taste buds and receptors. Responsible for the tastes: sweet, sour, bitter and salt. Tongue moves food from tooth to tooth forming starch with help of saliva. The Salivary Glands: There are three pairs salivary gland: the parotid gland, submandibular and the sublingual gland. Liquid called saliva is secreted from glands; it contains water, mucus and the enzyme- salivary amylase. The function of saliva is to lubricate food with mucus for swallowing. It also acts to keep the mouth and teeth clean and kill bacteria, because saliva contains lysozyme and antibodies and it starts digestive process on carbohydrates adding saliva to starch. Both types of digestion- mechanical and chemical, starts in the oral cavity. 2. The Oesophagus Oesophagus is hallowing muscular tube that leads from throat to the stomach. The epiglottis (a small flap that protects windpipe) prevents from choking. Food moves along oesophagus by peristalsis pushing the bolus forward to the stomach. The lining of the oesophagus secretes mucus to ease the passage of food.   

Hemingway’s Use of Code Hero in The Old Man and the Sea Essay

Hero is a simple-sounding two-syllable word, which many people freely use to name and describe others. But, how many people really know what a hero is? One of the most know codes for defining a hero would be Ernest Hemingway’s code, which can be seen in his novels. â€Å"The code hero is a man who lives correctly, following the ideals of honor, courage and endurance in a world that is sometimes chaotic, often stressful, and always painful.† (CodeHeroDefinition). Ernest Hemingway uses Santiago, the main character in The Old Man and the Sea to symbolize his code hero. In The Old Man and the Sea, Santiago lives his life with honor, not only for others but for himself as well. Even though he is unable to provide for himself as a fisherman, due to the fact that he has gone without catching a fish in over two months, he keeps his head high throughout what he does. Santiago is very humble with his fishing career when talking with others, for example Manolin. â€Å"‘And the best fisherman is you.’ ‘No. I know others better.'† (Hemingway 23). In reality, he was a great fisherman, which is one reason why he caught the giant marlin. Like any great hunter, Santiago honors and praises the great fish by saying to it, â€Å"I love you and respect you very much† (Hemingway 54). He is able to show dignity throughout his hunt, knowing that he must be thankful for what he is given. Santiago has a great deal of endurance. Despite knowing that he hasn’t caught any fish in 84 days, he continues to go out in his boat every morning, never with a negative attitude. His persistent actions show his ability to go on every day even when the odds were against him. After catching the marlin and being out so far for almost two days, Santiago is extremely tired, but he won’t give up to the fish, or go to sleep. â€Å"He felt very tired now and he knew the night would come soon† (Hemingway 67). Even though he could have slept, he mostly stayed awake with the fish, and kept all of his courage so that he would be able to get home with the great marlin. His courage showed when he had to stay in the ocean alone for three days with little protection, and his small food supply. He could have turned back to shore safely at any time, but he didn’t. Santiago faced possible death at any  moment, but his courage allowed him to continue on his journey. When the sharks attack the carcass, he does everything in his power to fight them off when it’s obviously a battle lost from the start, but he gives it his all. After loosing his harpoon when fighting with the sharks, he still continues to go on and make a new weapon (out of the few materials on his boat, for example an oar and his knife) and uses all of the energy he has left in him to protect the fish. Through the novels Hemingway has written, like The Old Man and the Sea, his famous code hero can be seen with detailing evidence. Santiago is the symbol of Hemingway’s code, and it can be proven by the ways he lives his life, from his honor, to his endurance and courage. â€Å"Life is filled with misfortunes, and a code hero is know by how he endures those misfortunes† (CodeHeroDefinition), and Santiago is able to do just that in his life. He can turn a situation around so that it works for his benefit, but still while doing so he looses some, whether it be his physical strength, or his fishing reputation with the other fishermen. Santiago is a perfect example of what a Hemingway code hero really and truly is. Works Cited â€Å"CodeHeroDefinition.† 21 April 2003. http://www.siprep.org/english/totah/CodeHeroDefinition.html. Hemingway, Ernest. The Old Man and the Sea. New York: Scribner Paperback Fiction, 1980. 23, 54, 67.

The Myth of Cupid and Psyches Forbidden Love

The story of Cupid and Psyche comes to us from the ancient Roman novel Metamorphoses  by Apuleius, which was written in the latter half of the second century CE. The great Greek goddess of love and beauty, Aphrodite (or Venus in Latin), was born from the foam near the island of Cyprus, for which reason she is referred to as the Cyprian. Aphrodite was a jealous goddess, but she was also passionate. Not only did she love the men and gods in her life, but her sons and grandchildren, as well. Sometimes her possessive instincts led her too far. When her son Cupid found a human to love—one whose beauty rivaled hers—Aphrodite did all in her power to thwart the marriage. How Cupid and Psyche Met Psyche was worshiped for her beauty in her homeland. This drove Aphrodite mad, so she sent a plague and let it be known that the only way the land could get back to normal was to sacrifice Psyche. The king, who was Psyches father, tied Psyche up and left her to her death at the hands of some presumed fearsome monster. You may note that this isnt the first time in Greek mythology that this happened. The great Greek hero Perseus found his bride, Andromeda, tied up as prey for a sea monster. In the case of Psyche, it was Aphrodites son Cupid who released and married the princess. The Mystery About Cupid Unfortunately for the young couple, Cupid and Psyche, Aphrodite was not the only one trying to foul things up. Psyche had two sisters who were as jealous as Aphrodite. Cupid was a wonderful lover and husband to Psyche, but there was one odd thing about their relationship: He made sure Psyche never saw what he looked like. Psyche didnt mind. She had a fulfilling life with her husband in the dark, and, during the day, she had all the luxuries she could ever want. When the sisters learned about the luxurious, extravagant lifestyle of their lucky, beautiful sister, they urged Psyche to pry into the area of his life that Psyches husband kept hidden from her. Cupid was a god, and, as beautiful as he was, he did not want his mortal wife to see his form. Psyches sister didnt know he was a god, although they may have suspected it. However, they did know that Psyches life was much happier than theirs. Knowing their sister well, they preyed on her insecurities and persuaded Psyche that her husband was a hideous monster. Psyche assured her sisters they were wrong, but since shed never seen him, even she started having doubts. Psyche decided to satisfy the girls curiosity, and so one night, she used a candle to look at her sleeping husband. Cupid Deserts Psyche Cupids divine form was exquisite, and Psyche stood there transfixed, staring at her husband with her candle melting. While Psyche dawdled, a bit of wax dripped on her husband. Her abruptly awakened, irate, disobeyed, injured husband-god flew away. See, I told you she was a no-good human, said mother Aphrodite to her convalescing son Cupid. Now, youll have to be content among the gods. Cupid might have gone along with the separation, but Psyche couldnt. Impelled by the love of her beautiful husband, she implored her mother-in-law to give her another chance. Aphrodite agreed, but there were conditions. The Epic Trials of Psyche Aphrodite had no intention of playing fair. She devised four tasks (not three as is conventional in mythic hero quests), each task more exacting than the last. Psyche passed the first three challenges, but the last task was too much for her. The four tasks were: Sort a huge mount of barley, millet, poppy seeds, lentils, and beans. Ants (pismires) help her sort the grains within the time allotted.Gather a hank of the wool of the shining golden sheep. A reed tells her how to accomplish this task without being killed by the vicious animals.Fill a crystal vessel with the water of the spring that feeds the Styx and Cocytus. An eagle helps her out.Aphrodite asked Psyche to bring her back a box of Persephones beauty cream. Going to the underworld was a challenge for the bravest of the Greek mythical heroes. Demigod Hercules could go to the underworld with ease, but human Theseus had trouble and had to be rescued by Hercules. Psyche, however, was confident when Aphrodite told her she would have to go to the most dangerous region known to mortals. The voyage was easy, especially after a speaking tower told her how to find the entryway to the underworld, how to get around Charon and Cerberus, and how to behave before the underworld queen. The part of the fourth task that was too much for Psyche was to bring back the beauty cream. The temptation was too great to make herself more beautiful—to use the cream she procured. If the perfect beauty of the perfect goddess Aphrodite needed this underworld beauty cream, Psyche reasoned, how much more would it help an imperfect mortal woman? Thus, Psyche retrieved the box successfully, but then she opened it and fell into a deathlike sleep, as Aphrodite had secretly predicted. Reunion and Happy Ending to the Myth of Cupid and Psyche At this point, divine intervention was called for if the story were to have an ending that made anyone really happy. With Zeus connivance, Cupid brought his wife to Olympus, where, at Zeuss command, she was given nectar and ambrosia so she would become immortal. On Olympus, in the presence of the other gods, Aphrodite reluctantly reconciled with her pregnant daughter-in-law, who was about to give birth to a grandchild Aphrodite would (obviously) dote on, named Voluptas  in Latin, or Hedone in Greek, or  Pleasure in English. Another Story of Cupid and Psyche C.S. Lewis took Apuleius version of this myth and turned it on its ear in Till We Have Faces. The tender love story is gone. Instead of having the story seen through the eyes of Psyche, its seen through her sister Orvals perspective. Instead of the refined Aphrodite of the Roman story, the mother goddess in C.S. Lewis version is a far more weighty, chthonic earth-mother goddess.

Mahatma Gandhi, Athenian Essay - 781 Words

In this world, there are two kinds of persons and every person in the world either has a good side or an evil side. In â€Å"My Graduation Speech† by Neil postman, Mahatma Gandhi shows some characteristics of an Athenian. Athenians took interest in public affairs and the improvement of public behaviour and so did Gandhi. He also inspired movements for civil rights and freedom across the world. Mahatma Gandhi believed that the wrong acts done by people are acts of violence against the social order and Athenians believed in that also. Mahatma Gandhi was a good public figure, placed a great value on tradition and culture and was a non-violent person. Mahatma Gandhi was a good public figure. People used to respect him and used to appreciate his†¦show more content†¦This proves that Mahatma Gandhi was a good public figure who used to take part in the improvement of public matters. Mahatma Gandhi respected every religion and culture. He was not ethnocentric, who used to hate the culture of others. Rather he used to believe in one’s own self strength and with this aim in mind, he started with â€Å"swadeshi movement†. He believed in equal respect for all religions and he did not used to say anything insulting to anyone who was from a lower caste from him. He used to treat everyone equally. He believed that everyone has the right to live on this earth and that is why god made us all brothers and sisters so that we will be there for each other’s protection every time. Athenians cherished and lived happily with whatever they had because they believed it’s the most precious gift of human nature. They never rejected anything and got whatever was being given to them in a very happy and appreciating way. Same was with Mahatma Gandhi who never rejected anything and took everything happily. He even sacrificed for his country happily. From the points written above proves that Mahatma Gandhi was an Athenian by respecting and obeying every religion, culture and the traditions. Athenians were the first group of people who lived about 2,500 years ago in a place called Greece. They were the first people to develop a complete alphabet and invented the idea of political democracy. They also invented philosophy, science and Olympics.Show MoreRelatedViolent Protest In 1848 : Civil Disobedience896 Words   |  4 Pagesweeks, acts of civil disobedience have been publicly convened in demonstrations as part of a non-violent protest. In the last century, non-violent protests usually are tightly linked to two great figures of universal history. 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